I try to compile the following snippet with the latest development snapshot from today;
import Foundation
let a: Float16 = 1.0
let b = sin(a)
which gives the following error:
bla.swift:4:9: error: no exact matches in call to global function 'sin'
let b = sin(a)
^
Foundation.sin:1:13: note: candidate expects value of type 'CGFloat' for parameter #1
public func sin(_ x: CGFloat) -> CGFloat
^
Glibc.sin:1:13: note: candidate expects value of type 'Float' for parameter #1
public func sin(_ x: Float) -> Float
^
Glibc.sin:1:13: note: candidate expects value of type 'Float80' for parameter #1
public func sin(_ x: Float80) -> Float80
^
SwiftGlibc.sin:1:13: note: candidate expects value of type 'Double' for parameter #1
public func sin(_ __x: Double) -> Double
sin functions come from Glibc, not from swift standard library (you can check that by commenting out import Foundation, then all sin will stop working). I don't think there is a Float16 equivalent in C so it's not surprising that Glibc doesn't have a sin for it.
sin, plus the rest of SE-0246, as well as a bunch of other stuff, is available for Float16 in the numerics package on the swift-5.3 branch (and will be merged to master once -5.3 is released).