Add a `clamp` function to Algorithm.swift

Evolution Discussion
1

Here is a clamp implementation I am using in a real project:

extension Comparable {
    func clamped(from lowerBound: Self, to upperBound: Self) -> Self {
        return min(max(self, lowerBound), upperBound)
    }

    func clamped(to range: ClosedRange<Self>) -> Self {
        return min(max(self, range.lowerBound), range.upperBound)
    }
}

extension Strideable where Self.Stride: SignedInteger {
    func clamped(to range: CountableClosedRange<Self>) -> Self {
        return min(max(self, range.lowerBound), range.upperBound)
    }
}

https://github.com/fulldecent/FDWaveformView/blob/master/Source/FDWaveformView.swift#L573-L589

Open ranges do not have a clear enough answer for me. Especially in the
case of an empty range. Therefore the above implementation is the most
conservative.

- William Entriken